Food Traceability And Safety Business Essay

Food Traceability And Safety Business Essay Food traceability and safety is an up and coming trend. With the slow food, organic, and natural movements more consumers are wanting to know where their food is coming from. Food producers also are making food traceability a trend because each producer wants to know who they can point fingers at when a customer claims that they have become sick from a producers food. For most producers, traceability is just one element of any supply-management or quality/safety control system. Tracking an apple from the tree to your mouth is something that each producer needs to know. They need to know where that apple was to make sure that the apple did not go anywhere it shouldnt have been. So, what exactly is traceability? How does it work, and what can it accomplish with regards to safety? Most important, does the U.S. food supply have enough traceability and therefore, safety? What is traceability and how does it pertain to our food system? The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines traceability as the ability to trace the history, application, or location of that which is under consideration (CITE). For this paper, that which is under consideration will be food. The ISO uses a very broad definition for traceability which is necessary for several reasons. First, because food is a complex system and traceability has not been developed for every product. Second, because no traceability system is ever complete. Things change, the purveyor changes, the field changes, the picker changes so each companys food traceability plan must be fluid. For instance, Even a hypothetical system for tracking beef-in which consumers scan their packet of beef at the checkout counter and access the animals date and location of birth, lineage, vaccination records, and use of mammalian protein supplements-is incomplete. This system does not provide traceability with respect to bacterial control in the barn, use of genetically engineered feed or animal welfare attributes like hours at pasture and play time (CITE). Finally, the definition must stay broad because new products are constantly being developed. Each company will have their own definition of food traceabilit y because each company must determine the necessary breadth, depth, and precision of their traceability systems depending on characteristics of their production process and their traceability objectives. (CITE) Food traceability needs to be a fluid system in order to compensate for the constant changes in the food systems. Money has been invested into the food traceability industry since companies first started to realize that food traceability was important in the late nineties. Industry analysts calculate that during 2000, American companies spent $1.6 trillion on supply-related activities, including the movement, storage, and control of products across the supply chain (CITE). However, spending money on food traceability will probably have a return on investment, and often is the difference between a successful company and an unsuccessful one. Food traceability is becoming an important area of concentration for companies. When margins are thin, as they are in the food industry, knowing where your product comes from and the possibility of avoiding a consumer lawsuit in some cases justifies the expense. This means that if a company invests one million dollars into creating a food traceability system, they will probably save more money from avoided lawsuits in the end run. This is not only true for ver y high risk foods but also true of any food product that is at risk. The government is also aware that food traceability is an issue that is going to have to be looked at. There was an increase in the FDA budget in 2009 of $275 million. This increase brings the total budget for the FDA in 2009 to $406.3 million, a 17.9% increase over fiscal year 2008. A large portion of this increase ($125 million) will be used for food safety and will allow FDA to intensify actions to implement the Food Protection Plan (CITE). Many industry analysts believe that every company that deals with food and the supply chain will have to eventually embrace food traceability, if they do not, the consequence may be their business. The facts are uncompromising and pressure continues to mount from consumers, the media, retailers and numerous government regulatory agencies (CITE). With the government endorsing food traceability systems, most companies are realizing that food traceability is important. However, most companies do not know where to start to build a food traceability system. How does a company trace food? Often electronic coding systems are used to help trace food. In some cases the buyer manages the food traceability system; in other cases supply companies manage the system. Retailers such as Wal-Mart have created proprietary supply-chain information systems, which they require their suppliers to adopt (CITE). Companies start with a primary producer, which include the farmer and grower, then the processor, which include the packer, re-packer, processor and, if applicable, the manufacturer. Then the product moves to distribution possibly including the wholesaler or the distributor,a retail store or foodservice operator. For examplie, if you own a small restaurant and need to trace an apple used for apple pie. First, you have the farmer who takes care of the apple trees. The farmer will need to record who came into contact with the tree, and what supplies or chemicals came into contact with the tree. Then the apple will be picked. The farmer will need to record the person who picked the apple. Next, the apple is shipped to the processor who packs the apples. The processor must record everyone who came into contact with the apple or the boxes that the apple is packed in. Next, the apple goes to the distributor. The same thing happens at the distributor, everyone who comes into contact with the apple or anything that comes into contact with the apple is recorded. When you, the purchaser for the small business, order the apple you need to know that the supplier knows where the apple came from so that if one of your customers gets sick because of the apple you can tell the supplier and the supplier can s top all distribution of that apple. Suppliers are adapting to the changing food traceability systems. For instance the ratio of private inventories to final sales of domestic business has fallen by half since the end of WWII. This downward trend reflects growing efficiencies in supply management in the U.S. food industry, including traceability systems. This trend is expected to continue as food manufacturers continue to adopt technologies already in use in other industries (CITE AND EDIT). This is because as a small business owner, you want to rely on a supplier to trace your food rather than your company tracing the food. Also, larger companies, consumers and retailers all realize the need for food traceability so they in turn buy from companies with food traceability-like the apple example, the company needs to know where the apple or product originated and where it has been. Companies have a few objectives when using food traceability systems. First, improve supply management. Supply management improves because when you are using food traceability you will know where a single product is in your supply line. Second, facilitate trace back for food safety and quality. This means that if a consumer becomes sick from a product that came from a producer; the producer can trace the product to make sure no other contaminated products go out and the contaminated products that are circulating are recalled. Another objective is to differentiate and market foods with subtle of undetectable quality attributes. Companies improve supply management when using food traceability because they know which producers are giving them Grade A product and which producers are giving them Grade B product. This allows the supply companies to decide which producers they want to keep and which they want to let go. This also can contribute to a lower cost distribution system and reduce d recall expenses because suppliers know which producer made the mistake so they can pass most of the expense onto the producer. Food traceability also ensures trace back for food safety and quality. Traceability systems help companies isolate the source and extent of the safety or quality control problems. This makes sure if an infected product gets to the shelf it can be removed right away and possibly stop an outbreak. The better and more precise the tracing system, the faster a producer can identify and resolve food safety or quality problems. Companies also have started to enhance food traceability by sending third party safety/quality auditors to the sites to audit the quality of the food traceability system. These auditors provide consumers with verification that traceability systems exist to substantiate credence claims. For example, auditors from Food Alliance, a nonprofit organization, certify foods grown with a specific set of sustainable agricultural practices. Having a representative on site also ensures companies are sending the correct product. For instance, in the United States a farm has to be organic for three years in order to get the organic certification on their product. If a producer claims to be organic, and a consumer finds out that they are not organic, consequences can occur for the company, supplier, and producer. With food traceability there is no danger that producers would try to cheat consumers by selling non-GE (genetically engineered) soybeans as GE soybeans. In cases where markets do not supp ly enough traceability for food safety trace back, a number of industry groups have developed food safety and trace back standards. For example, the California cantaloupe industry has incorporated traceability requirements in their marketing strategy in order to monitor food safety practices. In addition, buyers in every sector are increasingly relying on contracting, vertical integration, or associations to improve product traceability and facilitate the verification of safety and quality attributes. The government may step in to ensure food safety by creating policy aimed at increasing the cost of distributing unsafe (non traceable) foods, such as fines or plant closures, or policies that increase the probability of catching unsafe food producers, such as increased safety testing or foodborne illness surveillance, will also provide firms with incentives to strengthen their traceability systems. Foodborne illness surveillance systems increase the capability of the entire food suppl y chain to respond to food safety problems before they grow and affect more consumers. In the past decade the United States has had many outbreaks. Food can become contaminated at many different steps on the farm, in processing or distribution facilities, during transit, at retail and food service establishments, and in the home. The ability to trace pathways of any food, including tomatoes and other fresh produce, through every point in the supply chain is crucial for limiting foodborne illness in an outbreak, for preventing future outbreaks, and for reducing the impact on the segments of the industry whose products were not associated with the illnesses. The pathways that fresh produce travels from field to consumer have become increasingly complex, with items sometimes changing hands many times in the supply chain. For instance by the time an apple goes from a tree to a consumers mouth it comes into contact with multiple people, the person who checks the apples, the person who picks the apple, the person who transports the apples, and the person who checks the appl e at the distribution plant. In 2007 there was a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella associated with the consumption of peanut butter. In 2006, CDC informed FDA of a multi-state outbreak of illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (CITE). There are many illnesses associated with fresh produce, which causes food traceability to be a growing concern for the FDA. FDA is the Federal agency that regulates almost everything we eat except for meat, poultry, and processed egg products, which are regulated by the partners at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Fresh produce presents special challenges for the FDA. Addressing the way fresh produce is grown, harvested, and moved from field to fork is crucial to minimizing the risk of microbial contamination. In recent years the FDA have worked with the industry to develop guidance on ways to prevent or minimize potential contamination, conducting educational outreach to consumers on safe food handl ing practices, sampling and analyzing both domestic and imported produce for pathogens, and working with industry and foreign countries to promote the use of good growing, harvesting, packing, transporting, and processing practices. However, education is only one part of better food traceability, research is another critical element. The FDA is currently working on improving the identification and detection of disease-causing bacteria and toxins in a variety of foods. Currently, there are four recognized classes of enterovirulent  E.  coli  that cause gastroenteritis in humans. These are collectively referred to as the EEC group. E. coli  O157:H7 is one of hundreds of strains of the bacterium  in the EEC group. The U.S. Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) defines  Escherichia coli  0157:H7  as a bacterium  that lives harmlessly in the intestines of animals such as cattle, reptiles, and birds (CITE). However, in humans the bacterium, which can be transmitted by foods, animal contact, and drinking water- can cause bloody  diarrhea, and may lead to  hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life threatening disease. Although other generic strains of  E. coli  are thought to be harmless to humans, the O157:H7 strain is particularly virulent and dangerous. E. coli  O157:H7 was first recognized as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea; the outbreak was traced to cont aminated hamburgers. Since then, eating undercooked ground beef has caused more infections in the United States. Most people recover without antibiotics or other specific treatment within 5 to 10 days. Antibiotics should not be used to treat this infection. There is no evidence that antibiotics improve the course of disease, and it is thought that treatment with some antibiotics could lead to kidney complications. E. coli O157:H7 can cause death in humans. To prevent E. coli 0157:H7 cook all ground beef and hamburger thoroughly. This is because ground been can turn brown before disease causing bacteria can be killed. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, or cider. Wash fruits and vegetables under running water, especial those that will not be cooked- doing this will may not remove all contamination because bacteria is sticky but it will remove most. Finally, make sure that persons with diarrhea, especially children, wash their hands carefully with soap after bowel movements to reduce the risk of spreading infection, and that persons wash hands after changing soiled diapers. E. coli 0157:H7 is a major health problem. It is estimated to cause infection in more than 70,000 patients a year in the United States. It has been reported to cause both large outbreaks as well as isolated sporadic infections in small numbers of individuals. In 2006, CDC informed FDA of a multi-state outbreak of illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although this outbreak involved a perishable food, the food was sold in a package. The traceback investigation was facilitated because several consumers who had become ill still had packages of fresh spinach in their refrigerators. The information on those packages ultimately led investigators to the spinach processors. By looking at the processors records, the investigators were able to identify the implicated farms associated with the identified production lot of bagged spinach. This is an example of a trace back of medium complexity that took a little longer than the peanut butter outbreak in 2007. In 2007, CDC notified FDA of a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Tennessee infections. In this case, because it was not a perishable food, consumers who had become ill still had jars of peanut butter available for testing. This enabled investigators to confirm the presence in that food of the contaminant associated with the outbreak. Further, because the food was packaged, the investigators were able to identify the manufacturer through the information on the jars. This is an example of a rapid trace back in which the necessary information was readily available. Salmonella  (S.) is the genus name for a large number (over 2,500) of types of bacteria. Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the U.S. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be 30 or more times greater. Salmonellosis is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium which is more common in the summer than winter. Salmonellosis can be caused by contaminated food processing or handling, especially by handling food with unwashed hands. Salmonella may also be found in the feces of some pets, especially those with diarrhea. You can become infected if you do not wash your hands after contact with these feces. Reptiles, baby chicks and ducklings, and small rodents such as hamsters are particularly likely to carry salmonella. Beef, poultry, milk, and eggs are most often infected with salmonella. But vegetables may also be contaminated. Contaminated foods usually look and smell normal. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms develop 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days.  Most people recover without treatment. But diarrhea and  dehydration  may be so severe that it is necessary to go to the hospital. Older adults, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are at highest risk. Food traceability is becoming an important area for concentration for companies because when margins are thin, knowing where your product comes from and the possibility of avoiding a consumer suing the company is worth the company (in some cases). The government and companies are now seeing the rewards of food traceability and putting money into food traceability. They have realized that spending money on food traceability will probably have a pay off in the end, and often is the difference between a successful company and an unsuccessful one. Food traceability also ensures traceback for food safety and quality. Traceability systems help firms isolate the source and extent of safety or quality control problems. This makes sure if an infected product gets to the shelf it can be removed right away and possibly stop an outbreak. The better and more precise the tracing system, the faster a producer can identify and resolve food safety or quality problems. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Sal monella  are responsible for a large number of deaths each year, these can in part be avoided with better food tracing systems to ensure that food gets to consumers quicker. The concept of food origin tracing is not new to the industry. The safety and integrity of our food has always been a concern for meat, food and beverage producers. However, the world has become more risky. Increased globalization of supply chain sourcing and distribution, combined with political instability, more rapid spread of contamination and disease, and the growing threat of international terrorism have brought the issues of food supply safety and traceability to the forefront of public concern.

Character Analysis of Elisa Allen in The Chrysanthemums by Steinbeck Es

Many readers who analyze Steinbeck's short story, "The Chrysanthemums", feel Elisa's flowers represent her repressed sexuality, and her anger and resentment towards men. Some even push the symbolism of the flowers, and Elisa's masculine actions, to suggest she is unable to establish a true relationship between herself and another. Her masculine traits and her chrysanthemums are enough to fulfill her entirely. This essay will discuss an opposing viewpoint. Instead, it will argue that Elisa's chrysanthemums, and her masculine qualities are natural manifestations of a male dominated world. Pertinent examples from "The Chrysanthemums" will be given in an attempt to illustrate that Elisa's character qualities, and gardening skills, are the survival traits she's adopted in order to survive, and keep her femininity and vulnerability in a man's world. The first evidence that supports this conclusion is the behavior which occurs between Elisa and her husband, Henry. There is a "deeply rooted dysfunction between Henry and Elisa, [which is] a lack of real communication" (Palmerino, 1). They are "successful" farmers, but it is Henry who tends the economic production. The opening sets up a character contrast which runs throughout the piece by showing Henry selling thirty head of beef, while Elisa grows "beautiful" chrysanthemums. The contrast is that of the differences between a masculine and a feminine perspective of each other. This shows a limiting of Elisa from a man's point-of-view. Henry tells Elisa that she has a way with growing things, but he feels she is only contributing in an aesthetic way. In other words, Elisa is made to feel that her contribution isn't as worthy as a man's even though the insult is hidden ... ... real love, she may be able to find fulfillment in her flowers more than she ever has. They can be released into the male world and survive, beautiful and strong, though fragile, just as she has. The chrysanthemums are not Elisa's frustration, they are her hope in a world she sees without hope. Therefore, when the tinker simply drops the flowers on the side of the road, the symbolic weight of the chrysanthemums must be considered. Higdon states that "the crucial question remains whether or not Elisa has been destroyed" (Higdon, 668). The reader can see how the flowers represent mostly a positive symbol of growth and life. Elisa may not have anywhere to turn for real understanding, since men are not able to explore her inner-qualities, but it is better that she grows flowers than shutting off her own emotions and feelings and using others like the men around her.

Kelley School of Business Essay

I. I strongly believe that my education at the Kelley School of Business will help me achieve my goals. To begin with, it has been my short-term goal to obtain as much information about Finance to be an efficient Fund Manager of an investment company. This position requires me to maximize the profits of the company as well as the clients. An MBA degree will contribute a lot to pursuing this goal. As the program says, the MBA education at Kelley teaches leadership first and foremost, and when leadership has been laid all the other principles of Finance is given. This is what I wanted to acquire, for I know this is going to be useful for me in my career path and plans. I also learned many values in my four years with Jaesung Jinheung in South Korea as a Quality Controller. Most of my leadership and social skills were shaped by my stay there, and it also allowed me to learn how to treat others working for my department under me. My experiences in CB Richard Ellis Korea during my internship also exposed me to different financial situations that helped me apply what I learned from my Bachelor’s Degree in Business. Translating English documents into Korean, the internship gave me a heads up on the financial world and trained me with all aspects of business while refreshing all that I have learned. These work experiences give me the edge in my chosen profession. With experience and values, I am confident that I can achieve my career potential to the fullest. But this short-term goal is not my only motivation to pursue an MBA degree. It is also my goal to be a Chartered Financial Analyst or a CFA. To qualify for this title, I need a minimum of four years experience in the financial investment industry. I hope to have this requirement through the Fund Manager position that I want to serve. Apart from this, I also need to learn more to be able to pass the three examinations required of aspiring Chartered Financial Analysts. Backed with an MBA degree from Kelley and the work experiences that I had, I know that becoming a CFA is not very hard. I have designed my goals to complement each other. I felt that it will be easy to achieve something if it has been planned out in accordance to how the processes of planning have been. This is why I wanted to tackle Fund Management; I know I leads to my ultimate goal of becoming a CFA. Considering these goals, I am motivated with the MBA degree knowing that it will do so much for my advancement. My work experiences in Korea are likewise a big help. Work allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge into practical settings. It took my knowledge from my books into my hands, so to speak. From work I learned leadership, sociability, patience, problem-solving skills, and perseverance. Given these work and educational foundations, I am confident that my short and long term goals will not be too hard to achieve. II. If I have to choose three persons to ride with me in a cross-country trip, I will have to choose those who have been efficient in their roles in their respective fields. I will also consider the feasibility of the trip, and the comfort of traveling with those three people. This way, I can be sure that I will be learning a lot and will be able to get something from them that I can use with my own educational and career path. Of course, when business is the topic, many names come to mind. Still, one can single out people who will be beneficial to learning about life and work among others. I would like to have J.P. Morgan in the backseat. We will most probably talk about how he saved the Wall Street and figure out how important this financier’s role is to history. I hope to learn from him how to manage incoming and outgoing finances, and how to delegate allocations properly in a way that the value of finances is maximized. I will be asking a lot of questions, including business problems he has encountered and how he was able to see himself through them, for I know that the bigger a businessman the bigger his problems too. Most of the questions will focus on money and investment management. I will have clients in mind when speaking with Morgan, putting a future client’s possible case and asking Morgan about his opinion on it. Beside J.P. Morgan will be Richard Branson. I like the idea that he can call for air help when something happens to us or to the car. Yet more seriously, I would also like to know how he managed to grow the Virgin Group to what it is now. I also hope to learn from him how he manages to grow the business while facing detractors and competition. I feel that Branson is the best person to ask about growing a business through rolling investment. Given my interest in investment management, this will be a lot of help for me and my career. Lastly, John D. Rockefeller is another person I want to drive with, and he will be staying in the front passenger’s seat. I hope to learn from him how he managed to make binding ties and affiliations with large companies that eventually cut costs for his trade and offered cheaper end-products for consumers. If there is anything that I would like to have from Rockefeller, it is his ability to communicate in a way that prospective business partners agree to him, and competitors sell out to him. Speaking with Morgan, Branson, and Rockefeller will earn me a lot of business insights. They will also give me a lot of information about businessman mindset, something I need to know more about to enable me to learn more about my future clients and how I can better help them with their finances. I am sure that the trip will be fruitful, and that it will enlighten me with my career path. Indeed, speaking with experienced individuals in a refreshing new environment will organize my thoughts and allow me to better serve my goals.

Human Population Growth - 916 Words

Once, when the world was changing and new lands were being explored and conquered, the opinion of the masses was â€Å"Growth is good.† There was no worry about the lives being harmed or how large our impact was, or even of the future repercussions our actions might have. However, this once-carefree opinion has twisted and mutated and created a monster: human population growth. It’s big. It’s fast. And there’s almost no way to stop it, with our current rate of increase. The consequences of our forefather’s actions, carried out so long ago and not given so much as a backwards glance, are now coming back to haunt us, and they fight dirty. This growing beast is pressing an ever-increasing strain upon our Earth’s resources, and it seems like there is nothing we can do to prevent present and future degradation. Luckily, the solution to this expanding issue is sustainability. Scientists and researchers across the globe are working to desig n effective new ways to keep our way of life without fanning the flames of global change. The bottom line is, the quicker we get started on reducing and reversing global climate alteration, the better off everyone will be. Human population growth has and is drastically affecting the cycles through which our environment works. Ever since the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s, the growth has skyrocketed. With the additional help of the Medical Revolution in the 1950s, our population has increased exponentially, causing detrimentalShow MoreRelatedHuman Population Growth458 Words   |  2 PagesHuman population growth is becoming a huge issue in our world today. The population is increasing rapidly. The reason that it is becoming a concern is because it has affected the economic, environmental, and social aspects of our world. In the film Frontline: Heat, we can see how there might not be a future for our planet unless we are able to reduce the emissions and make our world a sa fe place. Not only for the present but also for future generations so that they are able to live long and healthyRead MorePopulation Control And Its Effect On The Growth Of A Human Population1126 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation control refers to the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, this has been made possible by limiting the birth rate, usually by government mandate. It-) has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. The idea that population control is needed to be implemented in society dates back to 1798, when Thomas Malthus suggested it in hisRead MoreGrowth of Human Population and Its Effect on the Environment1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of the human population has been strikingly apparent that the rate of growth has been much steeper than recent times. The earlier Homo sapiens were vegetarians and gathe rs they hunted and fished for food. With increased knowledge humans learned how to farm, domesticate animals and used irrigation to meet their needs. The knowledge of water and sewer conditions along with better medical care and agriculture made life easier. Earlier man did not have these factors and the population remainedRead MoreRapid Population Growth : A Country With The Largest Human Population1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmore rapid population growth rates in mid-transition than historically observed in the North. Two factors account for this very rapid expansion of population in these still largely traditional societies: the spread of medical technology such as immunization and antibiotics after World War II, which led to vastly rapid declines in death rates, and a lag in declines in birth rates. Nigeria is a country with the largest human population in Africa. Some of the results of human populations are; depletionRead MoreThe Current Trend Of Human Population Growth1950 Wo rds   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Is the current trend in Human population growth a danger to our planet?† Yes. The current trend in Human population growth is a serious issue, and, as of late,   it has been the focus of numerous scientific debates and studies. Why is it a danger to our planet? Recent studies from various scientific sources show that since the late eighteenth century (after the beginning of the industrial revolution), the human population had set itself on an explosively exponential growth rate, catapulting out ofRead MoreShould Government Attempt to Control Human Population Growth?1873 Words   |  8 PagesShould Government Attempt to Control Human Population Growth? Human population grows, and it has been calculated that by the year 2050 there will be over 9 billion people in the world. As a result of that the amount of land per person will have dropped to less than one square inch. It is clear that population growth must stop in some close future due to various factors (Issitt, 1). 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I am going to explain the issues population has caused as well as the biblical principles for environmental stewardship. Next I will describe important factors that contribute to the issues that population growth brings to the environment. I will then describe the effect population has on people and the environment. Finally, I will explain a long term strategy withRead MoreThe Issues Of Human Population Growth1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe Issues of Human Population Growth Introduction Thesis: The topic of human population growth is an important issue due to its impacts upon people in developing countries, economics, religion, food production, and the environment; without any limitations, population growth can lead to negative consequences, such as famine and environmental destruction, or even positive outcomes, such as potential economic growth. Body Paragraph 1: Developing Countries (Negative) Population growth has been runningRead MoreIntroduction. In Biology, Human Population Growth Is Defined1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In biology, human population growth is defined as the increase of the number of individuals per a population. Human population growth can be affected by several different factors such as life expectancy and fertility rates. Life expectancy and fertility rates are the driving forces behind the growth of human population. Life expectancy refers to the average period in which an individual is expected to live. Fertility refers to the number of children a woman will bear within her lifetime

Plato and Thrasymachus Essay - 1061 Words

Platos Notion of Justice vs. Thrasymachus, Why Be Moral? By: Khonstance Milan Plato has a different sense of justice than what we ourselves would consider to be justice. Justice starts in the heart and goes outward. Justice is about being a person of good intent towards all people, doing what is believed to be right or moral. Plato believes that once a person has a true understanding of justice that they will want to be â€Å"just† for its own benefit regardless of good or bad consequence. Though being just is known to have good consequences also makes being â€Å"just† a positive trait. (Clark, 2003, 13) Living a â€Å"just† life is good and good is the â€Å"well being of well living, the best life is supreme good.† (Bao, 2011, 259) The cause of†¦show more content†¦Then trouble comes when war breaks out because of â€Å"greed, pride, vanity, and envy.† The people want more than what they need, which calls for more land. With us as people our vices come out when we too want more than what we actually need. Examples are greed for more money even though we are comfortable. Also envy of our neighbors brand new car even though we have two that run fine. Thrasymachus believes that justice is not in self’s best interest but in that of the rulers. He says justice prevents our true desires which prevent our happiness. Even when the people believe that their well being is considered be calls them naà ¯ve. He compares the people to that of sheep being fed for the slaughter. (Clark, 2003, 9) He answers the question of whether justice pays with a flat no. On the other hand if you can get away with being unjust secretively and come off to others as a â€Å"just† person then that is better. It is better for society to think you are doing right and moral acts while getting what you want which I do not believe to be â€Å"just† at all. Thrasymachus does not think of justice in terms of beneficial acts. He does not connect being a moral person with happiness. He cares about the benefit of the strong and how they use their power. â€Å"In other words the strong are able to take what they want, whether this is much or little. And theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Egoist: Whats the Problem in Plato’s The Republic, Socrates824 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates pokes holes in all of their statements. Socrates argues that there are many problems with their views on social philosophy, especially when it comes to Thrasymachus’ idea of ethical egoism. Plato delivers his view of justice through Socrates when he responds to Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Cephalus on the issue. 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Essay on Jfk Assassanation - 3209 Words

First off a little info about president Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, parents were Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald, he was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on 29th May, 1917. His great grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, emigrated from Ireland in 1849 and his grandfathers, Patrick Joseph Kennedy and John Francis Fitzgerald, were both important political figures in Boston. Kennedys dad was a highly successful businessman who had later served as ambassador for Great Britain (1937-40) Then on November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was the†¦show more content†¦Naturally this aroused immense suspicion and the American public started questioning why so many key US figures had been assassinated in the space of just four years when previously this type of incident had been rare. At the time there was also an increasing amount of corruption and scandal within the government. This alarmed the public who had completely trusted the government before. The Watergate Scandal in 1974 involving President Nixon had clearly shown that this was not the case anymore. Nixon had abused his authority and power to his advantage. This indicated that even politicians were prone to sleaze and scandal. As a result of this, people also started questioning the behaviour of the government. This is most likely why they were more receptive in accepting that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy, later on. The public also became increasingly interested in the Kennedy assassination as books such as Rush to judgment by Mark Lane and Inquest by Edward Jay Epstein, started to be written. They immediately became best sellers and played a large role in raising awareness regarding the assassination. As a result people started to inquire more and rumours began that other people or organizations had been involved in Kennedys assassination i.e there had

Data Mining and Visualisation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Briefly Summarise why Data Mining is used in Business. 2.Share a recent article/news item relating to Data Mining in Business. Answers: 1.Reasons for usage of data mining in the business Importance of data mining Data mining is an important for a business process as it helps to gain insight about its customer behavior towards its company. Data mining helps to explore unknown credible pattern which is significant for business success. Usage of data mining in the business Data mining is used in various sectors for different purpose some of them are: Education The Educational Data Mining which is concerned with developing various methods which will predict students future learning behavior which can be used by an institution to take accurate decisions in order to predict the results of the student. Customer Relationship management In order to maintain a good relationship with a customer the company examines their customer data which helps to decode a certain pattern .These pattern will help them to acquire, retain customers and to implement customer focused strategies. Financial Banking (Sharma Panigrahi, 2013) In order to maintain these data in a logical manner data mining is used. The bank also uses customer banking pattern in order to make various schemes and strategy. Fraud and Lie detection Huge amount of money have been lost by the companies in the action of frauds. (Uzar, 2014). With the help of data mining a meaningful pattern is programmed and if any pattern which is not valid is termed as a fraud, thus detecting it as a lie or fraud. Healthcare ( Libert,2015)Data mining helps in analyzing data like best medicine practices, cost, volume of patients in each category related data can be find out. Benefits of using Data mining There are various benefits of data mining in various sectors of the business Helps to determine the customer groups Helps in marketing campaigns to targets the customer Helps business to identify customer shopping pattern Recent article/news item relating to data mining in business In Australias national tourism annual talkfest, the managing director of the Google Australia Jason Pellegrino addressed the people on the agenda that data mining is the future of tourism Australia. He said that in the future the artificial intelligence has bigger role in determining the customers need and deliver the required service to them (Data mining the future of tourism, 2017). He said that proper utilization of cookie crumbs, a website stored in the computer which is of user preferences. The main of motto of using cookie crumbs is to anticipate someones needs before he knows what he wants for himself. Google is training around 12000 engineers to use these cookie crumbs in data mining in order to analyze what the customer needs. When people are searching for a specific destination, their information is stored with them and if theyre open to sharing those data with Google it can deliver the personalized service to the person. Conclusion Increasing competition in the field of services in tourism has enabled the companies to provide more efficient and fast services to tourist. Google has identified such way by using cookie crumbs and it took the help of data mining to study the tourist needs and preferences and providing them with the same when required. The data mining has helped to forecast the expenses of the tourism, using cookie crumbs to analyze the tourist preferences like the accommodation range, preferred food, activities, shopping, events and target the particular group with the same choice. Introduction This report discusses about the concept data mining and the security issues in data mining, privacy issues in data mining, ethical implications in data mining. It further discusses about the importance of these implications in business and concludes with what steps company takes in order to use data mining and also protect individual privacy. Analysis Major Security Issues in Data mining As more personal information are being entered in computer it is to access any persons data but at the same time it has also been misused (Begum, 2013). Big data has huge application to change the definition of technology like predicting the result before two to three days of its occurrence but it also face huge challenge to protect these data from malicious use which can be privacy threat to a person. Following are some of the threat related to big data: The size of the data With huge amount of the data present in the big data it is the big challenge for the company to protect the customers privacy. If there is single breach in the data thousands of customers data is leaked thus compromising the privacy ( Che Safran Peng, 2013). In 2014 the breaching in Arkansas University fifty thousand peoples were affected and same year the data breach in eBay has compromised over 145 million people data. Amazon relies on distributed computing where data is distributed to its twelve places where it has its operation which can minimize the effect. The access control difficulty In order to control the access of information it is recommended to have single access point, but in case of big data where the data is widely placed and have various access point thus increasing the vulnerability of security (ElAtia Ipperciel Hammad, 2012). Various softwares does not take the security as its priority, further increase the risk. For instance Hardtop, a software has a verybasic security features but many big companies uses Hardtop as their corporate data platform, despite its limitation. Privacy issues in data mining Privacy in place of security When the customer demands more security for their data, encryption, access control, intrusion detection, backups, auditing are some of the procedure company will follow but in the name of high security the company demands more private information of the customer (Dev et al, 2012). To improve the security the agencies treats every customer as potential criminal who can steal the data, even if the agency has enough information to prove that the certain customer is not the terrorist it still makes more decrypted version of his data. Big data usage Apart from the privacy concerns there are various other ways big data is providing the customers private data. In order to target the customer with his desired advertisement big data is helping various companies to track the online move of the customer and analyze the customers choice (Mali Ghazi Ali, 2012). The company can claim that they are studying the customers move in order to make online experience friendlier but the same information can be used against the customer. The Big Data, Human rights and the ethics of scientific research The digitization is radically transforming human lives. To increase the capability to amass and store data and analyze them for yielding knowledge. On one hand the big data has the potential applications in various sectors but on other hand the Snowden revelationsabout government surveillance has created doubt about the usage of Big Data which can compromise not just privacy, but will also fail the trust among people . The rising fears about hacked databases, breaching of data and other cyber-crime have created fears which can undermine the application of the digital world. EHR is one of the standard practices which can change the face of health care. The use of EHRs is to record the patient information that is utilized in clinical care of the patient, despite of its capability EHR data are not in practice in health research and the main reasons for underutilization is worries about privacy. Therefore some conditions should be applied in order to use the big data The company should be full transparent with the usage of the big data The data which can compromise the privacy of the user should be avoided from the third party. The rise of the Big Data is an example of how it application have generated huge benefits and high risks. Therefore to overcome the challenge to use benefits with minimal risk, company have to use the ethical thinking to find the possible solution. Ethical implication in data mining The central idea of data mining is to analyze the large and complicated databases and derive some information or pattern which is beneficial for the company .Data mining is successfully used in healthcare, marketing, education and other business organizations. Data mining are used in these sectors to examine the customer behavior to envisage the trends which can help in enhancing a company's revenue or profits. Ethical implications on businesses utilizing the data mining are much different from legal implication (Stormier Piazza, 2013). Stealing or hacking a data is illegal and comes under legal implications, but developing a mindset to steal the data is unethical. So, the real problem which concerns people is , when the companies tries to utilize the information which violates their privacy in order to use the information which can aim back with more products, they consider it unethical. But despite all of this, ethical issues related to data mining are neutral ground. The entire c oncept of data mining cannot be considered as illegal as it has huge application. The data mining technology is not going to stop despite its limitation on the contrary it is going to expand as more companies are using digital applications. The most recognized issue with data mining is when the private data of the individual is used to market the products in order to target others. The companies seem to imply the idea that more the data mining the more will be the sales of products. This might be true but there will be disagreement with customers. Importance of these implications The implication is important in order to protect customers private information. If anyone tries to use the information then the customer has full right to sue as its his rights to protect his personal rights (Willis ,2013). No company has right to use someone information without his consent for marketing. Conclusion From the report it can be concluded that despite data mining has revolutionized the way of business in various sectors like healthcare, education, finance and marketing, it helped the company to reach more customers by studying their patterns of shopping. It is also capable of detecting frauds and thefts but despite all the advantages various companies misuses the technology by using the peoples personal information without their consent for marketing therefore the company has to take responsibility that they will protect the customers privacy and be accountable if there is any such breaches. References Data mining the future of tourism. (2017).Couriermail.com.au. Retrieved 3 August 2017, from https://www.couriermail.com.au/technology/google-australia-tells-tourism-australia-mining-internet-users-data-is-industrys-future/news-story/23377e9d8932615c7638e238079e8b75 Libert, T. (2015). Privacy implications of health information seeking on the web.Communications of the ACM,58(3), 68-77. Sharma, A., Panigrahi, P. K. (2013). A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques.arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.3944. Uzar, C. (2014). The Usage of Data Mining Technology in Financial Information System: An Application on Borsa Istanbul.International Journal of Finance Banking Studies,3(1), 51. Begum, S. H. (2013). Data Mining Tools and TrendsAn Overview.International Journal of Emerging Research in Management Technology, ISSN, 2278-9359. Che, D., Safran, M., Peng, Z. (2013, April). From big data to big data mining: challenges, issues, and opportunities. InInternational Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications(pp. 1-15). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Dev, H., Sen, T., Basak, M., Ali, M. E. (2012, November). An approach to protect the privacy of cloud data from data mining based attacks. InHigh Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SCC), 2012 SC Companion:(pp. 1106-1115). IEEE. ElAtia, S., Ipperciel, D., Hammad, A. (2012). Implications and challenges to using data mining in educational research in the Canadian context.Canadian journal of education,35(2), 101. Malik, M. B., Ghazi, M. A., Ali, R. (2012, November). Privacy preserving data mining techniques: current scenario and future prospects. InComputer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), 2012 Third International Conference on(pp. 26-32). IEEE. Strohmeier, S., Piazza, F. (2013). Domain driven data mining in human resource management: A review of current research.Expert Systems with Applications,40(7), 2410-2420. Willis III, J. E. (2013). Ethics, Big Data, and Analytics: A Model for Application.Educause Review Online. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(1), 97-107.